\r\n High levels of sugars or glucose in the blood lead to such a chronic condition called diabetes mellitus. High aldohexose in blood could cause eye injury, excretory organ injury, and nerve injury. Diabetes increases the risk of various cardiovascular diseases such as coronary artery disease, heart attack, heart stroke and narrowing of arteries which reduces the blood flow through the arteries. High levels of glucose in the blood can damage blood vessels and nerves causing loss of sensation in sexual organs, which leads to sexual dysfunction. In addition to this, people with diabetes have more chances to develop infections that may lead to allergies. Diabetes is the main cause of cardiovascular diseases, kidney failure, and blindness. Diabetes can also cause foot ulcers and hearing problems, people with diabetes have hearing impairment commonly. Maintaining blood glucose levels, blood pressure, diabetic gastro paresis which has been reported to have the main cause as Diabetes Mellitus and cholesterol at or close to normal can help delay or prevent diabetes complications.

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\r\n Long-term complications of diabetes develop gradually. Diabetes complications may be disabling or even life-threatening.

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• \r\n Cardiovascular disease. Diabetes dramatically will increase the chance of assorted vessel issues, as well as artery illness with hurting (angina), attack, stroke and narrowing of arteries (atherosclerosis). If you've got polygenic disease, you are a lot of seemingly to own cardiopathy or stroke.
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• \r\n Nerve damage (neuropathy). Excess sugar will injure the walls of the little blood vessels (capillaries) that nourish your nerves, particularly in your legs. This can cause tingling, numbness, burning or pain that sometimes begins at the guidelines of the toes or fingers and bit by bit spreads upward.
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\r\n Left untreated, you could lose all sense of feeling in the affected limbs. Damage to the nerves related to digestion can cause problems with nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea or constipation. For men, it may lead to erectile dysfunction.

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• \r\n Kidney damage (nephropathy). The kidneys contain countless small vas clusters (glomeruli) that filter waste from your blood. Diabetes can damage this delicate filtering system. Severe harm will cause kidney disease or irreversible end-stage renal disorder, which can need qualitative analysis or a urinary organ transplant.
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• \r\n  Eye damage (retinopathy). Diabetes will harm the blood vessels of the tissue layer (diabetic retinopathy), doubtless resulting in visual disorder. Diabetes additionally will increase the danger of different serious vision conditions, like cataracts and eye disease.
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• \r\n Foot damage. Nerve harm within the feet or poor blood flow to the feet will increase the danger of assorted foot complications. Left untreated, cuts and blisters will develop serious infections, which frequently heal poorly.These infections might ultimately need toe, foot or leg amputation.
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• \r\n Skin conditions. Diabetes might leave you additional liable to skin issues, as well as microorganism and plant life infections.
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• \r\n Hearing impairment. Hearing problems are more common in people with diabetes.
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• \r\n Alzheimer's disease. Type 2 polygenic disease could increase the danger of insanity, like Alzheimer’s. The poorer your blood glucose management, the larger the danger seems to be. Although there area unit theories on however these disorders may well be connected, none has however been tried.
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• \r\n Depression. Depression symptoms are common in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Depression can affect diabetes management.
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\r\n Metabolic syndrome is a medical disorder that may lead to cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Metabolic syndrome is a Group of conditions increased blood pressure, a high blood sugar level, excess body fat around the waist and abnormal cholesterol levels that occur together, increasing your risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes. Also, a hormone disorder in which the female body produces too much of certain hormones. Genetic factors influence each individual component of the syndrome, and the syndrome itself. A family history that includes type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and early heart disease greatly increases the chance that an individual will develop metabolic syndrome. Most of the disorders associated with metabolic syndrome have no symptoms, although a large waist circumference is a visible sign and it alters sex hormone levels. If your blood sugar is very high, you might experience signs and symptoms of diabetes including increased thirst and urination, fatigue, and blurred vision.

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\r\n The endocrine system is a network of glands that turn out and unleash hormones that facilitate management several necessary body functions, as well as the body's ability to alter calories into energy that powers cells and organs. The system influences, however, your heart beats, however, your bones and tissues grow, even your ability to create a baby. It plays an important role in whether or not or not you develop the polygenic disease, thyroid unwellness, growth disorders, sexual dysfunction, and a number of different hormone-related disorders. The system consists of a variety of various glands that secrete hormones that dictate however cells and organs behave. The hormones created by the system facilitate the body to manage growth, sexual operate, mood and metabolism. The system is liable for regulation several of the body's processes.

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\r\n Each gland of the endocrine system releases specific hormones into your bloodstream. These hormones travel through your blood to other cells and help control or coordinate many body processes.

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\r\n The list below provides a selection of the roles of glands in the endocrine system:

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\r\n Pancreas – regulates blood glucose levels

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\r\n Adrenal gland – increases blood glucose levels and speeds up heart rate

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\r\n Thyroid gland - helps to regulate our metabolism

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\r\n Pituitary gland – stimulates growth

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\r\n Pineal gland – helps to regulate our sleep patterns

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\r\n Ovaries – promote development of female sex characteristics

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\r\n Testes – promote development of male sex characteristics

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\r\n Metabolism encompasses all the chemical reactions which enable the body to sustain life. Energy metabolism is one of these processes and is vital for life. The body is able to use fat, protein and carbohydrate to provide energy. The pancreas plays an important part in energy metabolism by secreting the hormones insulin and glucagon which respectively make glucose and fatty acids available for cells to use for energy.

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\r\n The endocrine system balances the hormones in the bloodstream. If your body has too much or too little of a certain hormone, the feedback system signals the proper gland or glands to correct the problem. A hormone imbalance may occur if this system has trouble keeping the right level of hormones in the bloodstream, or if your body doesn't clear them out of the bloodstream properly.

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\r\n Endocrine disorders are typically categorised into two types:

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\r\n Endocrine disease that results when a gland produces too much or too little of an endocrine hormone, called a hormone imbalance.

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\r\n Endocrine disease due to the development of lesions (such as nodules or tumours) in the endocrine system, which may or may not affect hormone levels

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\r\n Increased or decreased levels of endocrine hormone may be caused by

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\r\n A problem with the endocrine feedback system Disease

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• \r\n Failure of a gland to stimulate another gland to release hormones (for example, a problem with the hypothalamus can disrupt hormone production in the pituitary gland)
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• \r\n A genetic disorder, such as multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) or congenital hypothyroidism Infection
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• \r\n Injury to an endocrine gland
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• \r\n Tumor of an endocrine gland 
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\r\n The thyroid gland is located in the front of the neck and produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate the body’s metabolism. Problems with the thyroid gland include too much (hyperthyroidism) or too little (hypothyroidism) thyroid hormone, inflammation of the thyroid gland (thyroiditis), thyroid nodules (lumps in the thyroid gland), or thyroid cancer.

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\r\n Hyperthyroidism refers to having too much thyroid hormone in the blood, which results in an increase in the body's metabolism. 

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\r\n Hypothyroidism refers to having too little thyroid hormone, which can result in a slowing of the body's metabolism.

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\r\n Thyroiditis refers to inflammation of the thyroid gland. This can sometimes result in a temporary increase thyroid hormone in the blood (hyperthyroidism), but can also cause long-term destruction of the thyroid gland, eventually causing low thyroid hormone (hypothyroidism).

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\r\n The pituitary is a tiny secreter (about the scale of a excretory organ bean) situated at the bottom of the brain, simply below the optic (eye) nerve in a very bony space called the sella turcica. It is created of the anterior (adenohypophysis) and posterior (neurohypophysis) endocrine. It is usually referred to as the “master gland” as a result of it produces variety of endocrines that regulate different hormone glands within the body.

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\r\n Cushing's disease is a rare condition caused by associate degree overrun of the adrenal internal secretion Cortef. The most common form of Cushing's disease is due to an excess secretion of the pituitary hormone, ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), which circulates in the blood and stimulates the adrenal gland.

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\r\n The adrenal glands are located just above the kidneys and produce three major hormones, two of which originate in the outer adrenal cortex (cortisol and aldosterone) and the other from the inner adrenal medulla (epinephrine):

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\r\n Cortisol, an important hormone for the regulation of glucose and protein metabolism, as well as blood pressure and the immune system.

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\r\n Aldosterone, a hormone involved in blood pressure, sodium and potassium balance.

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\r\n Epinephrine (adrenalin), a major hormone of the sympathetic nervous system and the “fight-or-flight” response.

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\r\n Adrenal insufficiency involves reduced hormone secretion from the adrenal gland, resulting in a deficiency of all adrenal hormones, including cortisol and aldosterone

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\r\n Reproductive hormone disorders can affect fertility and may have long-term effects on metabolic, cardiovascular and bone health. The reproductive hormones include estrogen and progesterone in women and testosterone in men.

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\r\n Ovarian insufficiency (sometimes called premature menopause) occurs when the ovaries either do not develop or are damaged and no longer function normally. Ovaries can be surgically removed, or damaged by the immune system, or from chemotherapy, or radiation treatments for certain types of cancer.

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\r\n Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a metabolic condition that happens in some women of generative age. Symptoms will embrace irregular expelling periods, loss of fertility, magnified hair growth on the face, chest, or abdomen, acne, and an inclination toward weight gain and hypoglycaemic agent resistance (diabetes).

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\r\n Testosterone, the male internal secretion (produced within the testes), has a crucial role in maintaining fertility, energy, strength and metabolism. Men with low androgen will have symptoms of low energy and mood likewise as reduced strength and sexual desire (sex drive). In the future, they're conjointly in danger for low bone density (osteoporosis). The causes of low androgen are often sex gland trauma, radiation or therapy sure enough kinds of cancer, infection or loss of blood offer to the testes.

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\r\n Diabetes affects how the body regulates blood glucose levels. Insulin helps to reduce levels of blood glucose whereas glucagon's role is to increase blood glucose levels. In people without diabetes, insulin and glucagon work together to keep blood glucose levels balanced.

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\r\n In diabetes, the body either doesn't produce enough insulin or doesn't respond properly to insulin causing an imbalance between the effects of insulin and glucagon.

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\r\n In type 1 diabetes, the body isn't able to produce enough insulin and so blood glucose becomes too high unless insulin is injected.

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\r\n In type 2 diabetes, the body is unable to respond effectively to insulin, which can also result in higher than normal blood glucose levels. Medications for type 2diabetes include those which help to increase insulin sensitivity, those which stimulate the pancreas to release more insulin and other medications which inhibit the release of glucagon.

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\r\n Hormones play a major role in driving a child’s growth and development. Problems with growth, puberty, and sexual development often have their roots in the endocrine system. Endocrinology also deals with hypoglycaemia and other forms of hyperglycaemia in childhood, variations of puberty, as well other adrenal, thyroid, and pituitary problems. Many paediatric endocrinologists have interests and expertise in bone metabolism, lipid metabolism, adolescent gynecology, or inborn errors of metabolism.

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\r\n There are presently over one.9 billion people who are weighty or overweight, resulting in an increase in connected health complications, as well as internal secretion resistance, kind a pair of polygenic disease, upset, disease, cancer, and neurodegeneration. The finding that fat and disorder are amid chronic inferior inflammation has essentially modified our read of the underlying causes and progression of fleshiness and metabolic syndrome. We currently apprehend that associate inflammatory program is activated early in fat growth and through chronic fat, for good skewing the system to a pro-inflammatory constitution, and we are beginning to delineate the reciprocal influence of obesity and inflammation. Reviews during this series examine the activation of the innate and adjustive system in obesity; inflammation at intervals diabetic islets, brain, liver, gut, and muscle; the role of inflammation in pathology and angiogenesis; the factors that contribute to the initiation of inflammation; and therapeutic approaches to modulate inflammation within the context of fleshiness and metabolic syndrome.

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• \r\n Adrenal Venous Sampling for Aldosterone, Androgen Levels,  Angiography, Arginine Stimulation Test, Arterial Stimulation with Venous Sampling, Autonomic Function Tests
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• \r\n Basal Acid Output (BAO), Bilateral Simultaneous Inferior Petrosal Sinus Sampling (IPSS) with CRF, Bone Marrow Aspirate
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• \r\n C-peptide Suppression Test, Calcium Infusion Test for Medullary Cancer of the Thyroid, Captopril Test, Clomiphene Test, Clonidine Suppression Test, Combined Pituitary Function Tests (CPT), Cortisol Day Curve, CRH Test
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• \r\n Glycated hemoglobin (A1C) test, Exercise Test, Fasting Test, Fine Needle Aspiration of a Thyroid Nodule (FNA), Finger Size Assessment, Gastric Acid Secretion, Glucagon Test, Glucose Tolerance Test, Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone GnRH/LHRH Test
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• \r\n High Dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test, Hydrocortisone Day Curve (HCDC), Hydroxycorticosterone (18-OHB) and - cortisol (18-OHF) Tests, Hyperaldosteronism Investigations, Hyperparathyroidism Investigations
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• \r\n Insulin Tolerance Test, Insulin: Glucagon Ratio, Intravenous Secretin Test, Investigating Systemic Mastocytosis, Ischemic Lactate Test
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• \r\n Long Synacthen Test, Low Dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test, Measuring Skin-fold Thickness, MIBG Scan
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• \r\n Octreoscan, Operative Management of Pituitary Tumours, Oral Glucose Tolerance Test for Acromegaly, Overnight Dexamethasone Suppression Test
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• \r\n Pentagastrin Test for Medullary Cancer of the Thyroid, Pentolinium Suppression Test, Percutaneous Trans-hepatic Portal Venous Sampling, Peripheral Venous Sampling for Ectopic Sources of ACTH, Petrosal Sinus Sampling, Post-Operative Investigation of Thyroid Carcinoma, Posture Studies, Pro-insulin and C-peptide, Prolonged Supervised Fast
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• \r\n Radioactive Iodine Test, Screening for Ovulation, Selective Arterial Injection for the Localization of Gastrinomas and Insulinomas, Selenium Cholesterol Scanning for Conn's Tumours
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• \r\n Short Synacthen Test, Somatostatin Receptor Scintigraphy
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• \r\n Technetium Scan, Therapeutic Trial of ddAVP, Thyrotrophin Releasing Hormone (TRH) Test, Tolbutamide Test, Ultrasound, Visual Field Testing (Goldmann perimetry), Water Deprivation Test.
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